한영2 4주차 복습시험
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
Another element essential to human flourishing is material welfare. Every person must attain a minimum level of material well-being in order to meet basic needs and escape the misery and degradation of poverty, which dooms a person to unhappiness and a predictable assortment of ills. Just as an animal needs sufficient food to eat and a vegetable garden sufficient nutrients in the soil to grow, humans need sufficient resources to enable the capabilities that make a life worth living. A shocking fact of our story on planet Earth is that desperate poverty has been the condition of most human beings for most of recorded history. According to the economist Gregory Clark, “The average person in the world of 1800 was no better off than the average person of 100,000 B.C.” It’s only recently, in the aftermath of the Enlightenment and the scientific discoveries and technological innovations that powered the Industrial Revolution, that many humans overcame total impoverishment. Yet desperate poverty, often defined as living on less than two dollars per day, is still the punishing fate of many people today. The Nobel Prize-winning economist Angus Deaton described the past two hundred years of history as “the great escape” and emphasized that rising levels of wealth are connected with improved levels of health. One remarkable indicator of progress: In 1916, the average American male could expect to live 49.6 years and the average American female 54.3 years. By 2016, life expectancy for American men and women was beyond 75 years. What good is human agency if you’re no longer alive to exercise it?
- 윗글의 내용과 일치하는 것을 2개 고르시오.
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Question 2 of 5
2. Question
We often remember the twentieth century as an era defined by devastating world wars and the creation of atomic weapons so powerful they could destroy Earth many times over. But it was also the era in which hundreds of millions of people finally had material wealth sufficient to meet their basic needs. Recent economic growth in India and China has lifted billions more out of desperate poverty. As nations have grown wealthier, people in rich countries have reported less pain and disability, IQ scores have been rising, and people have been getting taller because of improved nutrition and the massive decline in hunger and famine. Achieving a sufficient level of well-being may not guarantee happiness or flourishing, but it is clearly a precondition for it. What level of material welfare is needed? Clearly we must move beyond the marker of two dollars per day of desperate poverty. In wealthier countries, income levels must be even higher to meet basic needs of food, clothing, shelter, access to health care, and education. The relevant standard is sufficiency, which stands in contrast to equality. A society that facilitates basic material needs does not have to make everyone equal in income or wealth. But it must guarantee that everyone has enough.
2. 윗글의 내용과 일치하는 것을 2개 고르시오.
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Question 3 of 5
3. Question
What effects might automation have on the ability of every person to achieve this standard? To date, technological innovation has been one of the most important engines of economic growth, lifting much of humanity out of poverty. An age of smart machines that delivers increased efficiency in the workplace might well bring about a new chapter in economic growth and productivity. Of course, there’s a huge downside risk as well: if the age of automation displaces huge numbers of people from the workforce, many people will lose a reliable source of income and suffer a threat to their material welfare. It’s been said that if big data is the new oil of the economy, then AI is the electricity. Andrew Ng, a leading AI scientist, says that AI will produce “automation on steroids” and transform every industry known to humankind. The benefits of increasing automation are easy to see, but the costs are often concentrated and sometimes hard to pin down. Some of the costs result in power and wealth inequalities. The CEO and shareholders of a ride-hailing service that deploys millions of self-driving cars stand to gain untold wealth, while millions of unemployed taxi, bus, and truck drivers will have to grapple with the consequences of technology over which they have no power. When it comes to material well-being, the age of smart machines may be wonderful for some but livelihood destroying for others.
3. 윗글의 내용과 일치하는 것을 2개 고르시오.
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Question 4 of 5
4. Question
How does one attach a value to achieving something through the exercise of our own powers? We are used to thinking about costs in purely material terms- things that can be quantified and counted. This is why income or wealth is so often taken as proxy for well-being. But as the example of the experience machine suggest, it is important to many of us how we achieved that happiness and pleasure and whether in fact we contributed to it through our own effort. Yet attaching a value to human agency isn’t straightforward. This is a challenge Amartya Sen took up in his effort to reimagine the purpose of economic development. He took as his starting point Aristotle’s famous dictum that “wealth is clearly not the good we are seeking, since it is merely useful, for getting something else.” Sen didn’t want to measure only whether countries were rich or poor. He wanted to focus attention on what material wealth brings – whether people in any country have the freedom to live as they would like, to develop and deploy their interests and talents. To Sen, economic development is first and foremost about attaining freedom and unlocking the exercise of human capabilities. This perspective challenges the common conception of well-being. It forces us to consider not only wealth but the key ingredients that enable people to lead a full and meaningful life, such as education; a long life expectancy; access to clean water, food, and health care; political freedom; and civil liberties.
4. Which of the following cannot be inferred from the passage?
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Question 5 of 5
5. Question
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) took Sen’s proposal seriously in an effort to challenge the world’s reliance on measures of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a proxy for well-being. It invented a new measure, the Human Development Index (HDI), to better capture people’s capabilities. Although income is part of the HDI, the index also includes years of education and life expectancy. It is still a rough proxy but one that comes much closer to capturing something about the ability of human beings to pursue their own goals and aspirations, to flourish as individuals and societies. When one takes this idea to the world, dramatic differences in the quality of people’s lives quickly become visible. For example, although Equatorial Guinea and Chile have almost the same level of per capita income, the quality of human development is far greater in Chile. Likewise, even at lower levels of income, the differences can be substantial. Because of their commitments to educational opportunity and access to health care, some developing countries, such as Rwanda, Uganda and Senegal, provide a richer array of opportunities to their residents than do other countries at the same level of income. Though this approach isn’t a perfect representation of the value of human agency, it does challenge us to think about a world in which our income remains the same or even increases because of automation but in which we lose something else that’s important: flexibility and the freedom to make choices about how we live.
5. Which of the following cannot be inferred from the passage?
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