한영1 4주차 진단고사
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Question 1 of 10
1. Question
We can presume that the components of love proposed by Sternberg can be found in all cultures. Intimacy, passion, and ①commitment are most likely cultural universals. Evidence of this comes from many sources, including cultural anthropology, psychological research, and love poetry from across the world. What does appear to be ②the same across cultures, however, is the ③stress placed on the different components of love and on different types of relationships. In collectivist cultures like those found in Asia and Africa, relationships with family may take ④precedence over relationships with lovers and friends. In individualistic cultures, like those of Northern Europe and North America, friendships and romantic relationships ⑤rival with family for priority (and often win). Likewise, the concept of duty (similar to Sternberg’s concept of commitment) is absolutely central to Chinese Confucianism. In contrast, judging by the mountains of romance novels, love songs, and beauty products found in North America, it is the passionate side of love that is prized in this culture.
1. 윗글의 밑줄 친 단어 중에서 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.
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Question 2 of 10
2. Question
The desire for ①esteem can be used effectively by society to influence how people act. Systems of ②prestige are found in all cultures, and in general status is used to recognize and reward people who do what is most useful to the culture. People will labor for years, even decades, in the hope of securing the ③contempt of their fellows and the accompanying right to think well of themselves. By linking status and respect to particular activities or accomplishments, a culture can direct many people to devote their energies in those directions. It is no accident that in small societies struggling for ④survival, status comes with bringing in large amounts of protein (hunting) or defeating the most dangerous enemies (fighting). By the same token, the status of motherhood probably rises and falls with the society’s need to ⑤increase population, and the status of entertainers rises and falls with how much time and money the population can devote to leisure activities.
2. 윗글의 밑줄 친 단어 중에서 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.
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Question 3 of 10
3. Question
Insects attract collectors’ attention because they are extremely diverse and often bear spectacular colors. To biologists, however, bright coloration has been a constantly renewed puzzle because it makes an insect a highly visible prey to prospective predators. Charles Darwin understood that bright colors or exaggerated forms could evolve via sexual selection, the process by which individuals compete for access to mates and fertilization opportunities. However, he felt sexual selection could not account for the striking color pattern of nonreproductive larvae in, for example, Pseudosphinx hawk moth caterpillars. In a reply to Darwin about this puzzle, Alfred R. Wallace proposed that bright colors could advertise the distastefulness of the caterpillars to experienced predators. Indeed, prey that are not edible to predators are predicted to gain by exhibiting very recognizable colors; experienced predators can then correctly identify and subsequently avoid attacking such prey. E. B. Poulton later developed this idea, expanded it to other warning signals (ie, sounds or smells), and coined the term aposematism to describe this phenomenon (from the Greek “away” and “sign”).
3. 윗글의 내용과 일치하는 것을 고르시오.
① Charles Darwin believed sexual selection explained the coloration of all insects.
② Alfred R. Wallace suggested that bright colors might serve as a warning to predators.
③ E. B. Poulton thought that only visual signals could be used to warn predators.
④ The term aposematism is derived from Latin words meaning “hidden” and “pattern.”
⑤ Collectors find insects interesting solely because of their behavior.CorrectIncorrect -
Question 4 of 10
4. Question
Why is humid air less heavy than dry air? The difference is that humid air contains water vapor molecules, not actual drops of water. These molecules determine how much the air weighs. According to Avogadro’s law, a basic rule of chemistry, equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure have the same number of molecules. Thus, when water vapor molecules are added to the air, they must replace either nitrogen or oxygen molecules in order to keep the number of molecules stable. And since water vapor molecules are lighter than both nitrogen and oxygen molecules, the weight of the air decreases. Remember that equal amounts of dry air and humid air have the same number of molecules—but the molecules in the dry air are simply more dense.
4. 윗글의 내용과 일치하는 것을 고르시오.
① Avogadro’s law states that gases with equal volumes weigh the same.
② Water vapor molecules are heavier than nitrogen and oxygen molecules.
③ Adding water vapor to air increases its weight.
④ Dry air and humid air contain different numbers of molecules.
⑤ Humid air is lighter than dry air because it contains water vapor molecules.CorrectIncorrect -
Question 5 of 10
5. Question
How do figure skaters avoid getting dizzy from spinning around and around? Some people say it is because ⓐthey keep their eyes on a single point while spinning. To find out if this is really possible, NASA conducted some tests. The results showed that the eyes of trained skaters do not move back and forth during a spin as they do with ⓑuntrained skaters. This rapid eye movement is actually what causes feelings of dizziness. However, trained skaters do not focus their eyes on a single point while spinning. Instead, their eyes stay in a stable position, focusing on ⓒthe space between the skater and the nearest object. This kind of gaze is similar to that of a person who is ⓓdaydreaming. As for ⓔuntrained skaters, they generally feel dizziest just after a spin. Therefore, they are taught to turn their heads in the opposite direction after stopping.
5. Which of the following understandings of the bracketed phrases ⓐ-ⓔ is NOT correct?
① ⓐ: Skaters focus intently on one spot to maintain physical balance.
② ⓑ: Skaters who have not been trained experience eye movements that lead to dizziness.
③ ⓒ: Trained skaters look at a vague area rather than a specific spot.
④ ⓓ: The trained skaters’ gaze is relaxed and not sharp.
⑤ ⓔ: Untrained skaters learn to counteract dizziness by looking in the opposite direction immediately.CorrectIncorrect -
Question 6 of 10
6. Question
The development psychologist Jerome Kagan measured changes in children’s temperament between the ages of 4 months and 7 years. He classified several healthy 4-month-old infants as high reactors (easily excited or fearful) or low reactors (relaxed and unafraid), depending upon their responses to an unfamiliar stimulus. Kagan waved colorful mobiles in front of a baby, played a tape saying, “Hello baby, how are you doing today” and popped a balloon behind the baby’s head. High reactors moved around violently and cried, while low reactors rested or even laughed during the tests. By the time these infants were 4 years old, some of the high reactors were quite shy, subdued, and quiet, while others had moved toward the center of Kagan’s “shy-bold” continuum. By the age of 7, only 15 percent of the initially low reactors were enthusiastic, fearless, and highly sociable kids, and the rest had moved closer to the center. None of the high reactors became fearless, and none of the low reactors became fearful; in other words, _______________.
6. Which of the following is most appropriate in the blank?
① the children’s early reactions to stimuli were largely determined by their genetics
② all children eventually develop into highly sociable and fearless individuals
③ the initial temperament of the infants had nothing to do with their later personality traits
④ the majority of children will grow up to exhibit extreme behavioral tendencies
⑤ environmental factors had only a little influence on altering innate temperaments
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Question 7 of 10
7. Question
Mill’s writings can be read as a strenuous attempt to reconcile individual rights with the utilitarian philosophy he inherited from his father and adopted from Bentham. His book On Liberty (1859) is the classic defense of individual freedom in the English-speaking world. Its central principle is that people should be free to do whatever they want, provided they do no harm to others. Government may not interfere with individual liberty in order to protect a person from himself, or to impose the majority’s beliefs about how best to live. The only actions for which a person is accountable to society, Mill argues, are those that affect others. As long as I am not harming anyone else, my “independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.”
Mill thinks we should maximize utility, not case by case, but in the long run. And over time, he argues, respecting individual liberty will lead to the greatest human happiness. Allowing the majority to silence dissenters or censor free-thinkers might maximize utility today, but it will make society worse off — less happy — in the long run.
Why should we assume that upholding individual liberty and the right to dissent will promote the welfare of society in the long run? Mill offers several reasons: The dissenting view may turn out to be true, or partially true, and so offer a corrective to prevailing opinion. And even if it is not, subjecting prevailing opinion to a vigorous contest of ideas will prevent it from hardening into dogma and prejudice. Finally, a society that forces its members to embrace custom and convention is likely to fall into a stultifying conformity, depriving itself of the energy and vitality that prompt social improvement.
7. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
① Mill’s father and Bentham were in favor of individual rights.
② On Liberty argues that government should always intervene in individual choices.
③ Mill believes individual liberty is absolute unless it harms others.
④ Respecting individual liberty is a short-term solution to maximize utility.
⑤ Allowing dissent is harmful to society’s welfare in Mill’s view.
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Question 8 of 10
8. Question
8. 다음 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
However, more importantly, in terms of the Dunning-Kruger effect, those with the lowest test scores were found to have greatly overestimated their performance.
The Dunning-Kruger effect is a kind of bias that causes people to overestimate their own abilities. ( ① ) The effect was shown in an experiment that involved testing students in a variety of fields, including humor, grammar and logic. ( ② ) Afterwards, the students’ estimation of their own performance was compared with the actual results of the tests. ( ③ ) The students who performed well on the tests were consistently shown to have underestimated themselves. ( ④ ) This can likely be explained by the fact that students who find a test easy often assume that other test-takers must have found it equally unchallenging. ( ⑤ ) According to the researchers, this occurred because unskilled test takers tend to experience illusory superiority. After providing erroneous answers on the test, their incompetence prevents them from recognizing their mistakes.
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Question 9 of 10
9. Question
9. 빈칸에 들어갈 연결어로 올바르게 짝지어진 것은?
Some people think that facts are the same as events, which they regard as the “objective,” “hard core” elements of this universe. The main reason for thinking this is that events seem the best candidates to offer us a rock-solid foundation for our facts. True, events do happen or do not happen; you can neglect them but not deny them. So by replacing facts with events, we might think we have found the strong objective foundation that we strive for. (A)_________, facts and events are concepts very different from each other. Unlike facts, events are dated, tied to space and time, whereas facts are detached from space and time. It is even considered a fact that certain events did not occur; it is a fact, (B)_________, that Darwin did not have a copy of Mendel’s 1866 article in his collection. Apparently, a fact is not the same as an event; the best we can say is that a fact is a description of an event, but not the event itself.
(A) (B)
① However – besides
② However – however
③ However – for instance
④ Therefore – for instance
⑤ Therefore – howeverCorrectIncorrect -
Question 10 of 10
10. Question
Some countries grow cash crops. These are crops that are in high demand and can be grown in large quantities in specific areas of the world. For example, sugar needs a hot, damp climate; coffee needs a hot climate, rainfall, and higher mountain elevations. Tea needs to grow on hillsides in rainy areas. Bananas grow well in tropical environments. Because there is a worldwide demand for specific items such as these, the farmers in tropical countries grow as much of these commodities as they can. These cash crops are sold all around the world and bring in a lot of money, but there are risks to specializing in just one commodity for trade. If these farmers grow too much of a particular cash crop, that creates more supply than demand, which drops the price of the commodity. If the climate is bad, and the cash crop does not grow well one year, that hurts the country selling it because that crop may be the only one the country provides in large enough quantities to make a living from.
10. What is the most appropriate topic of the passage above?
① the agricultural methods used to grow specific crops
② the economic impact of cash crops on tropical countries
③ the climate requirements for growing various crops
④ the global trade system and its influence on agriculture
⑤ the risks and challenges of monoculture in farming
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