한영2 1주차 진단고사
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Question 1 of 8
1. Question
I struggle to keep my footing on a narrow ridge of earth snaking between flooded fields of rice. The stalks, almost ready to harvest, ripple in the breeze, giving the valley the appearance of a shimmering green sea. In the distance, steep limestone hills rise from the ground, perhaps 400 feet tall, the remains of an ancient coral reef. Rivers have eroded the landscape over millions of years, leaving behind a flat plain ⓐinterrupted by these bizarre towers, called karsts, which are full of holes, channels and interconnecting caves carved by water seeping through the rock.
We’re on the island of Sulawesi, in Indonesia, an hour’s drive north of the bustling port of Makassar. We approach the nearest karst ⓑundeterred by a group of large black macaques that screech at us from trees high on the cliff and climb a bamboo ladder through ferns to a cave called Leang Timpuseng. Inside, the usual sounds of everyday life here—cows, roosters, passing motorbikes—are barely audible through the insistent chirping of insects and birds. The cave is cramped and awkward, and rocks crowd into the space, giving the feeling that it might close up at any moment. But its ⓒmodest appearance can’t diminish my excitement: I know this place is host to something magical, something I’ve traveled nearly 8,000 miles to see.
Scattered on the walls are stencils, human hands outlined against a background of red paint. Though faded, they are stark and evocative, a thrilling message from the distant past. My companion, Maxime Aubert, directs me to a narrow semicircular alcove, like the apse of a cathedral, and I crane my neck to a spot near the ceiling a few feet above my head. Just visible on darkened grayish rock is a seemingly abstract pattern of red lines.
Then my eyes focus and the lines ⓓcoalesce into a figure, an animal with a large, bulbous body, stick legs and a diminutive head: a babirusa, or pig-deer, once common in these valleys. Aubert points out its neatly sketched features in admiration. “Look, there’s a line to represent the ground,” he says. “There are no tusks—it’s female. And there’s a curly tail at the back.”
“This ghostly babirusa has been known to locals for decades, but it wasn’t until Aubert, a geochemist and archaeologist, used a technique he developed to date the painting that its importance was revealed. He found that it is staggeringly ancient: at least 35,400 years old. That likely makes it ________________________.
It’s among more than a dozen other dated cave paintings on Sulawesi that now rival the earliest cave art in Spain and France, long believed to be the oldest on earth.
The findings made headlines around the world when Aubert and his colleagues announced them in late 2014, and the implications are revolutionary. They ⓔsupport our most common ideas about the origins of art and force us to embrace a far richer picture of how and where our species first awoke.
Hidden away in a damp cave on the “other” side of the world, this curly-tailed creature is our closest link yet to the moment when the human mind, with its unique capacity for imagination and symbolism, switched on.”
1. 밑줄 친 ⓐ~ⓔ 중에서 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것은?
① ⓐ
② ⓑ
③ ⓒ
④ ⓓ
⑤ ⓔCorrectIncorrect -
Question 2 of 8
2. Question
2. 윗글의내용과 일치하는 것을 2개 고르시오.
① The island of Sulawesi is located in Spain.
② The cave paintings in Sulawesi are possibly the oldest-known figurative art in the world.
③ The cave called Leang Timpuseng is spacious and comfortable.
④ The painting of the babirusa was discovered by Maxime Aubert.
⑤ The painting of the babirusa was revealed to be at least 35,400 years old.CorrectIncorrect -
Question 3 of 8
3. Question
3. Which of the following is most appropriate in the blank?
① most recently discovered piece of art in the world
② most intricate piece of cave art in Southeast Asia
③ earliest known instance of figurative art across the globe
④ most valuable piece of art in the world
⑤ most controversial piece of art due to its disputed ageCorrectIncorrect -
Question 4 of 8
4. Question
[4~6]
Until Aubert went to Sulawesi, the oldest dated art was firmly in Europe. The spectacular lions and rhinos of Chauvet Cave, in southeastern France, are commonly thought to be around 30,000 to 32,000 years old, and mammoth-ivory figurines found in Germany correspond to roughly the same time. ①Representational pictures or sculptures don’t appear elsewhere until thousands of years afterward. So it has long been assumed that sophisticated abstract thinking, perhaps unlocked by a lucky genetic mutation, emerged in Europe shortly after modern humans arrived there about 40,000 years ago. Once Europeans started to ②draw, their skills, and their human genius, must have then spread around the world.
But experts now ③accept that standard view. Archaeologists in South Africa have found that the pigment ocher was used in caves 164,000 years ago. They have also unearthed deliberately pierced shells with marks suggesting they were strung like jewelry, as well as chunks of ocher, one engraved with a zigzag design—hinting that the capacity for art was present long before humans left Africa. Still, the evidence is frustratingly indirect. Perhaps the ocher wasn’t for painting but for mosquito repellent. And the engravings could have been one-offs, doodles with no symbolic meaning, says Wil Roebroeks, an expert in the archaeology of early humans, of Leiden University in the Netherlands. Other extinct hominin species have left similarly inconclusive artifacts.
By contrast, the gorgeous animal cave paintings in Europe represent a consistent tradition. The seeds of artistic creativity may have been sown earlier, but many scholars celebrate Europe as the place where it burst, full-fledged, into view. Before Chauvet and El Castillo, the famous art-filled cave in northern Spain, “we don’t have anything that smacks of figurative art,” says Roebroeks. “But from that point on,” he continues, “you have the full human package. Humans were more or less comparable to you and me.”
Yet the lack of older paintings may not reflect the true history of rock art so much as the fact that they can be very difficult to ④determine. Radiocarbon dating, the kind used to determine the age of the charcoal paintings at Chauvet, is based on the decay of the radioactive isotope carbon-14 and works only on organic remains. It’s no good for studying inorganic pigments like ocher, a form of iron oxide used frequently in ancient cave paintings.
This is where Aubert comes in. Instead of analyzing pigment from the paintings directly, he wanted to ⑤gauge the rock they sat on, by measuring radioactive uranium, which is present in many rocks in trace amounts. Uranium decays into thorium at a known rate, so comparing the ratio of these two elements in a sample reveals its age; ____________________. The technique, known as uranium series dating, was used to determine that zircon crystals from Western Australia were more than four billion years old, proving Earth’s minimum age. But it can also date newer limestone formations, including stalactites and stalagmites, known collectively as speleothems, which form in caves as water seeps or flows through soluble bedrock.
4. 밑줄 친 ①~⑤에서 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것은?
CorrectIncorrect -
Question 5 of 8
5. Question
5. 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 적절한 것 2개는?
① the greater the proportion of thorium, the younger the sample
② the greater the proportion of thorium, the older the sample
③ the smaller the proportion of thorium, the older the sample
④ the greater the proportion of uranium, the older the sample
⑤ the greater the proportion of uranium, the younger the sampleCorrectIncorrect -
Question 6 of 8
6. Question
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? [2점]
① The oldest known art was proved to have been created by early humans in Europe, who developed abstract thinking due to a genetic mutation around 40,000 years ago.
② The discovery of ocher and engraved shells in South Africa suggests that the capacity for art existed long before humans migrated out of Africa, and the evidence is considered definitive.
③ The cave paintings in Europe are celebrated as the birthplace of artistic creativity, where the seeds of such creativity were sownr.
④ The lack of older paintings is likely due to the difficulty in dating inorganic pigments like ocher, which are frequently found in ancient cave paintings.
⑤ Aubert invented uranium series dating in order to date rock art.CorrectIncorrect -
Question 7 of 8
7. Question
[7~8번]
Aubert, who grew up in Lévis, Canada, and says he has been interested in archaeology and rock art since childhood, thought to date rock formations at a minute scale directly above and below ancient paintings, to work out their minimum and maximum age. To do this would require analyzing almost impossibly thin layers cut from a cave wall—less than a millimeter thick. Then a PhD student at the Australian National University in Canberra, Aubert had access to a state-of-the-art spectrometer, and he started to experiment with the machine, to see if he could _________________.
Within a few years, Adam Brumm, an archaeologist at the University of Wollongong, where Aubert had received a postdoctoral fellowship—today they are both based at Griffith University—started digging in caves in Sulawesi. Brumm was working with the late Mike Morwood, co-discoverer of the diminutive hominin Homo floresiensis, which once lived on the nearby Indonesian island of Flores. The evolutionary origins of this so-called “hobbit” remain a mystery, but, to have reached Flores from mainland Southeast Asia, its ancestors must have passed through Sulawesi. Brumm hoped to find them.
As they worked, Brumm and his Indonesian colleagues were struck by the hand stencils and animal images that surrounded them. The standard view was that Neolithic farmers or other Stone Age people made the markings no more than 5,000 years ago—such markings on relatively exposed rock in a tropical environment, it was thought, couldn’t have lasted longer than that without eroding away. But the archaeological evidence showed that modern humans had arrived on Sulawesi at least 35,000 years ago. Could some of the paintings be older? “We were drinking palm wine in the evenings, talking about the rock art and how we might date it,” Brumm recalls. And it dawned on him: Aubert’s new method seemed perfect.
After that, Brumm looked for paintings partly obscured by speleothems every chance he got. “One day off, I visited Leang Jarie,” he says. Leang Jarie means “Cave of Fingers,” named for the dozens of stencils decorating its walls. Like Leang Timpuseng, it is covered by small growths of white minerals formed by the evaporation of seeping or dripping water, which are nicknamed “cave popcorn.” “I walked in and bang, I saw these things. The whole ceiling was covered with popcorn, and I could see bits of hand stencils in between,” recalls Brumm. As soon as he got home, he told Aubert to come to Sulawesi.
Aubert spent a week the next summer touring the region by motorbike. He took samples from five paintings partly covered by popcorn, each time using a diamond-tipped drill to cut a small square out of the rock, about 1.5 centimeters across and a few millimeters deep.
Back in Australia, he spent weeks painstakingly grinding the rock samples into thin layers before separating out the uranium and thorium in each one. “You collect the powder, then remove another layer, then collect the powder,” Aubert says. “You’re trying to get as close as possible to the paint layer.” Then he drove from Wollongong to Canberra to analyze his samples using the mass spectrometer, sleeping in his van outside the lab so he could work as many hours as possible, to minimize the number of days he needed on the expensive machine. Unable to get funding for the project, he had to pay for his flight to Sulawesi—and for the analysis—himself. “I was totally broke,“ he says. The very first age Aubert calculated was for a hand stencil from the Cave of Fingers. “I thought, ‘Oh, shit,’” he says. “So I calculated it again.” Then he called Brumm. “I couldn’t make sense of what he was saying,” Brumm recalls. “He blurted out, ‘35,000!’ I was stunned. I said, are you sure? I had the feeling immediately that this was going to be big.”7. Which of the following is most appropriate in the blank?
① accurately predict the weather patterns of the past using the rock samples
② identify the artists who created the ancient paintings on the cave walls
③ accurately determine the age of such small rock samples
④ find hidden treasures buried deep within the cave walls
⑤ discover new species of animals that once lived in these cavesCorrectIncorrect -
Question 8 of 8
8. Question
8. Which of the following cannot be inferred from the passage? [2점]
① Aubert’s method of dating rock formations involved analyzing extremely thin layers cut from cave walls with the help of a spectrometer.
② Adam Brumm, an archaeologist at the University of Wollongong, collaborated with Aubert in the hopes of finding the ancestors of Homo floresiensis in Sulawesi.
③ The hand stencils and animal images in the caves of Sulawesi were initially believed to be no more than 5,000 years old due to the assumption that they could not have survived in a tropical environment for a longer period.
④ After discovering the hand stencils in the Cave of Fingers, Aubert immediately realized that they were at least 35,000 years old, hence he did not feel the need to reconfirm the age using his dating method.
⑤ Aubert’s research was self-funded as he was unable to secure funding for the project, which led him to economize on his use of the mass spectrometer and to pay for his flight to Sulawesi out of his own pocket.CorrectIncorrect