1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Consider a bar of soap, the kind you keep by the bathroom sink to wash your hands and face. How much meaning could such an innocuous object contain? While it may be tempting to answer “not much,” or even “none,” in fact, even soap can embody a rich set of symbols. Think about a particular brand of soap. By itself, that soap cleans like any other soap. But through some clever marketing, packaging, and advertising, the brand immerses its soap in ________. The brand’s website even says, “We are committed to animal protection, environmental protection and respect for human rights.” These meanings allow the brand’s customers to do more with the soap than just clean their faces: By using these products, they can make a statement about what kind of person they are and what kind of politics they embrace.
① a gentle fragrance and mild formulation
② an assortment of colors and shapes
③ a quality assurance scheme
④ a set of intricate societal messages
⑤ a collection of health benefits

2. 다음 글을 바탕으로 추론할 수 있는 것을 고르시오.
Comparative psychology finds that pointing (in its full-blown form) is unique to our species. Few nonhuman species seem able to comprehend pointing (notably, domestic dogs can follow pointing, while our closest relatives among the great apes cannot), and there is little evidence of pointing occurring spontaneously between members of any species other than our own. Apparently only humans have the social-cognitive infrastructure needed to support the kind of cooperative and prosocial motivations that pointing gestures presuppose. This suggests a new place to look for the foundations of human language. While research on language in cognitive science has long focused on its logical structure, the news about pointing suggests an alternative: that the essence of language is found in our capacity for the communion of minds through shared intentionality. At the center of it is the deceptively simple act of pointing, an act that must be mastered before language can be learned at all.
① Dogs are more intelligent than great apes because they can understand human pointing gestures.
② The ability to point is directly linked to the physical evolution of the human hand.
③ Pointing serves as a foundational element in the development of language due to its role in shared intentionality.
④ Great apes use pointing gestures frequently to communicate within their own species.
⑤ Humans are the only species that use gestures to communicate complex ideas and emotions.

3. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
If things go sour, however, the tremendous energy drain of an irreparably damaged relationship can also mean that the whole is less than the sum of its parts.
If maintenance of a balance in a relationship requires much work, why bother aiming for the middle ground? ( ① ) The wonderful thing about relationships is that with the proper maintenance, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. ( ② ) Ideally, both members get support to realize their potential as individuals as well as realizing the potential of the team. ( ③ ) Pooling resources—as in a joint savings account—makes them optimally large. But if one person only deposits and the other person only withdraws, checks are going to start bouncing. ( ④ ) Similarly, if only one person in a relationship is performing maintenance and the other is indifferent, their joint account will also wind up with insufficient funds. ( ⑤ ) Overdraft protection might cover everyday necessities, but it won’t help when something big comes around.

4. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Some performers manipulate the style of their product to shift the incentives of critics to pay attention. Richard Posner cites Shakespeare, Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, and Kafka as figures who owe part of their reputation to the puzzling and perhaps even contradictory nature of their writings. Unclear authors, at least if they have substance and depth, receive more attention from critics and require more textual interpretation. Individual critics can establish their own reputations by studying such a writer and by promoting one interpretation of that writer’s work over another. These same critics will support the inclusion of the writer in the canon, to promote the importance of their own criticism. In effect, deep and ambiguous writers are offering critics implicit invitations to serve as coauthors of a broader piece of work. Critics respond by examining these works more closely and spreading their fame more widely.
① 비평가들은 자신의 명성을 높이기 위해 많은 작가들의 작품을 연구한다.
② 명확하지 않은 작가들의 작품은 비평가들에게 더 많은 해석을 요구한다.
③ 작가들은 자신의 작품 스타일을 조정하여 비평가들의 관심을 유도한다.
④ 비평가들은 작가의 작품을 해석함으로써 그 작가의 명성을 키운다.
⑤ 작가와 비평가는 작품을 공동으로 집필한다.

5. 다음 글을 바탕으로 추론할 수 없는 것을 고르시오.

① The reluctance to embrace vulnerability as we age can lead to a stagnation in personal development.

② Engaging in new activities requires a deliberate effort towards maintaining an open mind, due to our natural tendency to resist vulnerability.

③ The process of learning often involves exposing oneself to potential failure and ridicule, which can be uncomfortable or embarrassing.

④ People generally have a natural inclination to seek out and embrace situations that make them feel vulnerable.

⑤ Personal growth is facilitated by experimenting with new behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs, which inherently involves making oneself vulnerable.

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Responding to life with joy and sorrow is part of being human. At times when pain and suffering are inescapable, it is important to remember that this is part of the process by which we acquire knowledge. This does not mean that one must be in discomfort to make art, but stress can be channeled into a creative force if it produces a sense of inquisitiveness and an incentive for change. Thinking through making pictures can allow us to place our distress in context. The images we make can help us understand its source, catalog its scope, adapt ourselves to its presence, and devise ways to control it. There are things in life, once called wisdom, which we have to discover for ourselves by making our own private journeys. Stress can be directed to open up possibilities for intelligent and imaginative inquiries and solutions that otherwise might have been ignored, overlooked, or refuted.
① The Role of Stress in Artistic Creation
② How to Overcome Stress Through Art
③ The Journey of Human Emotions
④ Wisdom Through Personal Experiences
⑤ The Necessity of Pain for Creativity

7. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하는 것을 2개 고르시오.
Smell is not just a sense that determines taste: it is also a powerful force that stimulates desire and may even overwhelm the other senses. In the past decade, aromatherapy has emerged as an alternative healing practice, as well as a new product to be advertised to consumers. Some stores spread scents of freshly baked bread or apple pie to encourage shoppers to stay longer and buy more. Smells are also important for distinguishing between edible and inedible foods. Herbal medicine stores frequently have a wide variety of pungent odors. The preparation of herbal medicines may include cooking plants into liquid form or distilling essences with alcohol, which often creates an odor. Yet biomedical pills and tablets are prepared in ways that deemphasize smells considered to be more palatable. The absence of smells further distances medicine from food.
① Aromatherapy has been recognized as a mainstream medical practice over the past decade.
② Some stores use scents like freshly baked bread to encourage customers to linger and purchase more.
③ Herbal medicine stores typically lack strong odors due to the nature of their products.
④ The process of preparing herbal medicines often involves cooking plants into liquid form or using alcohol.
⑤ Biomedical pills and tablets are designed to emphasize smells that are considered pleasant.
*linger: 머무르다

8. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
We come into the world ready to start relationships and, as we gain control of our body, we’re keen to take part in games and tasks that involve working with others. In this way, we’re so different from young chimps. Experiments have shown chimps can understand collaborative tasks perfectly well, but they only bother to take part if they can see how it will result in their getting a piece of fruit or some other reward.
(A) It seems unlikely that children’s greater willingness to share is simply the result of learning that they should pay people for working with them, but the way we feel about everything is strongly influenced by the experiences that shaped the development of our brain.
(B) Humans, by contrast, often work together just for the joy of it. Experiments have shown that working with others affects children’s behavior. Afterward, they’re more generous in sharing any treats the experimenters give them—as if working with others has put them in a better mood.
(C) Our childhood observations of others don’t just help us learn how to behave; they help us understand how we’re supposed to feel.
① (A) – (C) – (B) ② (B) – (A) – (C) ③ (B) – (C) – (A)
④ (C) – (A) – (B) ⑤ (C) – (B) – (A)

9. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하는 것을 2개 고르시오.
When Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote the words, “Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink” in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in 1798, the dangers of drinking seawater had been known for thousands of years. Seawater does indeed make men mad. Historical evidence indicates the ancient Egyptians knew seawater was not potable, but the earliest realization that it was unsafe to drink has been lost to antiquity. In pre-Columbian times, the greatest fear of venturing too far from land on the ocean was not falling off the surface of the Earth but lack of fresh drinking water. From a human perspective, the oceans, which cover 70% of Earth’s surface, are still the most extensive and unique desert wildernesses on the planet. Saltwater constitutes 97% of Earth’s water, and of the 3% that is fresh, two-thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice. Thus, a mere 1% of all the water on the planet (in lakes and rivers, groundwater, and the atmosphere) is fresh and can be used by terrestrial plants and animals.
① Samuel Taylor Coleridge는 1798년에 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner를 썼다.
② 고대 이집트인들은 바닷물이 마실 수 없다는 것을 몰랐다.
③ 콜럼버스 이전 시대 사람들은 지구의 표면에서 떨어지는 것을 가장 두려워했다.
④ 지구 표면의 70%는 바다로 덮여 있다.
⑤ 지구의 물 중 97%는 담수이다.

10. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
If the United States has one of the easiest geographies to develop, Mexico has one of the most difficult. The entirety of Mexico is in essence the southern extension of the Rocky Mountains, which is a kind way of saying that America’s worst lands are strikingly similar to Mexico’s best lands. As one would expect from a territory that is mountain-dominated, there are no navigable rivers and no large cohesive pieces of fertile land like the American Southeast or the Columbia valley, much less the Midwest. Each mountain valley is a sort of fastness where a small handful of oligarchs control local economic and political life. Mexico shouldn’t be thought of as a unified state, but instead as ________ where local power brokers constantly align with and against each other (and a national government seeking—often in vain—to stitch together something more cohesive). In its regional disconnectedness, Mexico is a textbook case that countries with the greatest need for capital-intensive infrastructure are typically the countries with the lowest ability to generate the capital necessary to build that infrastructure.
① a mixture of diverse cultural entities
② a group of interconnected political units
③ a patchwork of separate, small regions
④ a single entity governed centrally
⑤ a federation of states with shared governance